摘要
营养不良是肿瘤放疗患者常见并发症，发生率40%～80%，会降低放疗耐受性、加重不良反应、影响生活质量与远期预后。放疗易损伤口腔、咽喉、食管及胃肠道黏膜，引发口干、吞咽痛、恶心、腹泻等，导致进食困难与营养失衡。目前临床已形成早期筛查、个体化干预、阶梯营养支持及全程护理相结合的营养管理体系。本文就肿瘤放疗患者营养不良原因、营养评估、干预措施、专科护理及管理模式进行综述，为规范临床营养护理、改善患者营养状况、提升治疗效果提供参考。
关键词： 肿瘤；放射治疗；营养护理；营养不良；营养干预；全程管理
Abstract
Malnutrition is a common complication in patients undergoing tumor radiotherapy, with an incidence rate of 40% to 80%. It reduces the tolerance to radiotherapy, aggravates adverse reactions, and affects quality of life and long-term prognosis. Radiotherapy can damage the mucosa of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract, causing dry mouth, swallowing pain, nausea, diarrhea, etc., leading to difficulty in eating and nutritional imbalance. Currently, a nutritional management system combining early screening, individualized intervention, stepwise nutritional support, and full-course care has been formed in clinical practice. This article reviews the causes of malnutrition in patients undergoing tumor radiotherapy, nutritional assessment, intervention measures, specialized care, and management models, providing a reference for standardizing clinical nutritional care, improving patients’ nutritional status, and enhancing treatment effects.
Key words： Cancer; Radiotherapy; Nutritional care; Malnutrition; Nutritional intervention; Full-course manage-ment
参考文献 References
[1] 王曦晨,吴仓平.营养护理对食管癌放射治疗患者营养状态及生活质量的影响[J].生命科学仪器,2024,22(03):241-242+245.
[2] 严维江,杨云云,曹琪,等.光学定位系统摆位误差对胸部肿瘤患者放射治疗剂量分布的影响[J].中国医学装备,2025, 22(12):14-18.
[3] 陈春花,曾雪辉,冯惠霞.止痛合剂联合双氯芬酸钠喷雾剂治疗头颈部肿瘤放射治疗致口腔黏膜炎的疗效观察[J].黑龙江医药,2025,38(06):1360-1362.
[4] 莫威,刘香林,孙建聪,等.PBL联合CBL教学模式在肺部肿瘤立体定向放射治疗教学中的应用[J].中国病案,2025, 26(12):100-102.
[5] 中国医学装备协会放射治疗装备技术分会,徐禹,徐晓婷,等.国产创新一体化放射治疗设备治疗胸部肿瘤的临床诊疗指南[J].中国医学装备,2025,22(11):11-18.
[6] 容翠梅.热塑体膜固定技术对胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗患者摆位误差及固定精确度的影响[J].当代医药论丛,2025, 23(32):42-44.
[7] 孟兆荣,刘雪梅,席彩霞,等.肺癌基因与肿瘤标志物对肺癌患者重离子放射治疗疗效的影响[J].现代养生,2025, 25 (21):1619-1622.
[8] 潘月凤.营养风险评估和个体化护理在头颈部肿瘤放疗病人中的应用观察[J].黑龙江医药,2025,38(03):731-733.
[9] 张婉茹.标准化营养护理干预对晚期胃肠道肿瘤化疗患者的效果[J].中国标准化,2025,(08):277-280.
[10] 汤媛媛,赵丽丽,赵海燕,等.肿瘤营养护理中应用施拉姆循环传播理论培训效果的研究[J].宁夏医学杂志,2025, 47 (04):359-361.